Significant of mushroom in human diet
The spread of humans and their large and increasing population has had a profound impact on large areas of the environment and millions of native species worldwide. The aqueous extract protected cellular DNA from oxidative damage, whereas the ethanolic extract damaged cellular DNA, with increased H 2 O 2 production and significant cell-killing effects observed. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells was correlated well with the expression of perforin and granzyme B induced by IL-2 and anti-CD3. Extraction of triterpenes is usually done by means of methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, ether, or a mixture of these solvents. lucidum contains some other compounds that may contribute to its reported medicinal effect, such as proteins and lectins. lucidum is a popular supplement taken by healthy individual to boost the immune system and by cancer patients along with conventional therapies. Cao and Lin (2006) demonstrated that a fraction of GL-PP decreased the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression and increased the proapoptotic protein Bax expression in human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). lucidum acted oppositely in premalignant HUC-PC cells under carcinogenic attack ( Yuen and Gohel 2008 ). Some small studies in human patients have also reported beneficial effects of lingzhi intake. In a submerged culture of G. Many are alkenes, although some contain other functional groups, and many are cyclic. INTRODUCTION. However, evidence from well-designed human trials is still scarce. Since the early 1970s, cultivation of G. However, it must be noted that all studies were conducted by the same research group and that other direct antitumor effects of G. lucidum could be exhibited by different extractable components in bladder chemoprevention. 2 Postulated health benefits of lingzhi ( Ganoderma lucidum ). A complex of polysaccharides and protein from the mushroom was also found to show significant antitumor activity in a similar study conducted by Kim et al. 6, studies on the properties of G. The goal of research in the treatment of viral and bacterial infections is the discovery of agents that specifically inhibit viral and bacterial multiplication without affecting normal cells. Benzie. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 2nd edition. Methanol extracts of G. (1980). The various beliefs regarding the health benefits of G. Elemental analysis of log-cultivated fruit bodies of G. For the concept of races of humans, see Race (human categorization). The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function. 9. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. However, the triterpene content is different in different parts and growing stages of the mushroom. Introduction Cancer is a worldwide leading cause of death, and despite comprehensive advances in the early diagnosis of the disease and chemotherapy, it remains a major clinical challenge ( WHO 2008 ). In addition to these, mushrooms contain a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as terpenoids, steroids, phenols, nucleotides and their derivatives, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides. 1 ), has a long history of use for promoting health and longevity in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. lucidum can be used to distinguish this medicinal fungus from other taxonomically related species, and can serve as supporting evidence for classification. Triterpenes are a subclass of terpenes and have a basic skeleton of C 30. The adoption of supercritical fluid CO 2 extraction technologies has enlarged the spectrum of extracted substances due to the low temperature required during processing. Mushroom proteins contain all the essential amino acids and are especially rich in lysine and leucine. Basidiocarps of this genus have a laccate (shiny) surface that is associated with the presence of thickwalled pilocystidia embedded in an extracellular melanin matrix ( Moncalvo 2000 ). More reliable morphological characteristics for Ganoderma species are thought to include spore shape and size, context color and consistency, and the microanatomy of the pilear crust. 1. G. Antioxidants protect cellular components from oxidative damage, which is likely to decrease risk of mutations and carcinogenesis and also protect immune cells, allowing them to maintain immune surveillance and response. lucidum for the efficient production of polysaccharides and one of the triterpene components, ganoderic acid ( Zhang and Tang 2008 ). The results suggested that different effects of G. 2. Production of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) were, respectively, 20% and 44% of controls without ganoderic acid treatment ( Li and Wang 2006 ). : Fr. Although the mechanism was not defined, the authors concluded that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with early events of viral adsorption (Li, Liu, and Zhao 2005). The mushroom also consists of a matrix of the polysaccharide chitin, which is largely indigestible by the human body and is partly responsible for the physical hardness of the mushroom ( Upton 2000 ). 9. These polysaccharides were also reported to protect the immune cells from oxidative damage ( Ooi and Lui 2000 ). C ancer. The undesired side effects of antibiotics and antivirals and the appearance of resistant and mutant strains make the development of new agents an urgent requirement. lucidum is clearly rich in triterpenes, and it is this class of compounds that gives the herb its bitter taste and, it is believed, confers on it various health benefits, such as lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects. G. However, although the germanium content of G. An adult human male (left) and female (right) in Northern Thailand. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2 ) are based largely on anecdotal evidence, traditional use, and cultural mores. The cells were treated before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 hours postinfection was determined. Many species of animals, plants, and microorganisms produce lectins, and they exhibit a wide range of functions. FIGURE 9. lucidum taken orally (equivalent to 36 or 72 g of dried mushroom per day) was used as the sole treatment for postherpetic (varicella zoster virus) neuralgia in 4 elderly patients. Curiosity and the human desire to understand and influence the environment and to explain and manipulate phenomena (or events) has provided the foundation for developing science, philosophy, mythology, religion, anthropology, and numerous other fields of knowledge. Furthermore, serum-incorporated treatment with a polysaccharide peptide fraction from G. More recently, a novel three-stage light irradiation strategy has been developed in submerged cultures of G. Moreover, different types are favored in different geographical regions. lucidum -based products, there is no firm evidence linking this element with the specific health benefits associated with the mushroom. 2. lucidum ( Figure 9. G. TABLE 9. 1. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. lucidum is preferred in Japan. 9. In G. lucidum has become a major source of the mushroom. 2009 ). lucidum is a major component of many traditional botanical formulations, such as TBS-101, which was demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth and invasion in PC-3-implanted mice ( Evans et al. In Vitro Anticancer Activities. Terpenes have also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, and hypolipidemic activity. However, its reputation as a panacea may have been earned more by virtue of its irregular distribution, rarity, and use by the rich and privileged members of Chinese society than by its actual effects. 9. ) P. An inhibition rate of 88% was reported, and there was complete regression of tumor in a third of the test animals. Yun (1999) reported that 9 weeks of oral administration of mycelial extract significantly inhibited lung adenoma formation in mice. Consequently, the use of macroscopic characteristics has resulted in a large number of synonyms and a confused, overlapping, and unclear taxonomy for this mushroom. A decade ago, more than 90 brands of G. In this section, the scientific studies of G. 6. These human societies subsequently expanded in size, establishing various forms of government, religion, and culture around the world, unifying people within regions to form states and empires. lucidum in relation to cancer (which has attracted the most interest), viral and bacterial infection, diabetes, and liver injury are discussed. However, recent reports provide scientific support to some of the ancient claims of the health benefits of lingzhi. lucidum is popular, whereas red G. 2009 ). 3. lucidum ) Products currently available on the Market. 9. Different members of the Ganoderma genus need different conditions for growth and cultivation ( Mayzumi, Okamoto, and Mizuno 1997 ).
[img][/img]
lucidum markedly inhibited the proliferation of human lung carcinoma (PG) cells, whereas the pure fraction by itself did not induce similar effects ( Cao and Lin 2004 ). The specific applications and attributed health benefits of lingzhi include control of blood glucose levels, modulation of the immune system, hepatoprotection, bacteriostasis, and more. A dried hot water extract of G. A variety of commercial G. 6. 1 Comparison of Triterpene and Polysaccharide Contents of 11 Commercial Lingzhi ( G. 6. Ganoderma lucidum, an oriental fungus ( Figure 9. However, there is no cohesive body of research, and the objective evaluation of this traditional therapy in terms of human health remains to be clearly established. Worldwide consumption is now estimated at several thousand tonnes, and the market is growing rapidly. 9. Karsten is the species type ( Moncalvo 2000 ). Although spore preparations have been researched and promoted vigorously in recent years, any added medicinal effects attributable to the removal or breakage of spore walls, which represents an additional and often costly step in the production process, are still controversial. lucidum revealed phosphorus, silica, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium to be their main mineral components. lucidum, the chemical structure of the triterpenes is based on lanostane, which is a metabolite of lanosterol, the biosynthesis of which is based on cyclization of squalene ( Haralampidis, Trojanowska, and Osbourn 2002 ). Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. Buswell, and Iris F. Ooi and Liu (2000) reported that protein-bound polysaccharide (PBP) and polysaccharide peptide were able to mimic the endogenous antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cancer-bearing animals in vivo. 1. lucidum thrives under hot and humid conditions, and many wild varieties are found in the subtropical regions of the Orient. In China, G. This treatment was reported to dramatically decrease pain and promote the healing of lesions, without any toxicity even at very high doses ( Hijikata and Yamada 1998 ). In animals, for example, lectins are involved in a variety of cellular processes and the functioning of the immune system ( Wang, Ng, and Ooi 1998 ). lucidum were reported to prevent kidney damage (induced by the anticancer drug cisplatin) through restoration of the renal antioxidant defense system ( Sheena, Ajith, and Janardhanan 2003 ). A two-stage pH-control strategy, developed to maximize mycelial biomass and EPS production, revealed that culture pH had a significant effect on EPS yield, chemical composition and molecular weight, and mycelial morphology ( Kim, Park, and Yun 2006 ). lucidum products were registered and marketed internationally ( Lin 2000 ). Half the cells stained positive for 7-amino-actinomycin D (indicating late apoptosis) after 8 hours. In general, very little is known about the enzymes and biochemical pathways involved in their biosynthesis. Homo sapiens sapiens ) are the only extant members of Hominina clade (or human clade), a branch of the taxonomical tribe Hominini belonging to the family of great apes. 6. In various human cancer cell lines, extracts of G. A triterpene-rich extract from G. 6. Animal Studies Rodent studies of possible antitumorigenic effects of G. F. lucidum is called lingzhi, whereas in Japan the name for the Ganodermataceae family is reishi or mannentake. Wild lingzhi is rare, and in the years before it was cultivated, only the nobility could afford it. lucidum, the optimum pH for cell growth has been shown to be lower than that for EPS formation. The antiviral effects of the GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Many of these activities were accompanied by apoptosis. Such variations can occur for several reasons, including differences in the species or strains of mushroom used and differences in production methods. FIGURE 9. 1. I mmunomodulation. Therefore, agents that inhibit angiogenesis inhibit tumor growth and spread. Some plants contain large quantities of triterpenes in their latex and resins, and these are believed to contribute to disease resistance. g. Among cultivated mushrooms, G. Humans use tools to a much higher degree than any other animal, are the only extant species known to build fires and cook their food, and are the only extant species to clothe themselves and create and use numerous other technologies and arts. Inhibition of mitogen-induced invasion of HepG2 cells was demonstrated in a study by using Matrigel-coated filter inserts assay ( Weng et al. Many G. 1. 9. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. Humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of symbolic communication (such as language and art) for self-expression and the exchange of ideas, and for organizing themselves into purposeful groups. lucidum induced progressive apoptosis in the premalignant HUC-PC cell line by increasing the early apoptosis marker annexin-V within 3 hours. Two antioxidant-enriched extracts from G. As part of searching for new chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents, hundreds of plant species, including mushrooms, have been evaluated. lucidum products on the market are labeled or promoted as immunomodulating agents. Curt. 2. All cells were dead at 24 hours, and this was associated with the downregulation of telomerase ( Yuen, Gohel, and Au 2008 ). Fungi are remarkable for the variety of high-molecular-weight polysaccharide structures that they produce, and bioactive polyglycans are found in all parts of the mushroom. lucidum have not yet been studied on humans in vivo. 1. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. 1. 2nd edition. Unfortunately, the morphological characteristics are subject to variation resulting from, for example, differences in cultivation in different geographical locations under different climatic conditions and the natural genetic development (e. In manufacturing terms, the simplest type consists of intact fruiting bodies ground to powder and then processed to capsule or tablet form. Agents that enhance the functioning of the host immune system could be expected to enhance health in terms of improved resistance and, thus, removal of malignant or premalignant cells. lucidum on its anticancer properties are summerized. Although hundreds of triterpenes have been isolated from various plants and terpenes as a class have been shown to have many potentially beneficial effects, there is only limited application of triterpenes as successful therapeutic agents to date. It is a large, dark mushroom with a glossy exterior and a woody texture. lucidum has been used to promote G. Advantages that explain this evolutionary success include a relatively larger brain with a particularly well-developed neocortex, prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes, which enable high levels of abstract reasoning, language, problem solving, sociality, and culture through social learning. 6. lucidum showed inhibitory effects on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey strain in a tissue culture system. G. Isolation of various water- and methanol-soluble, high-molecular-weight PBPs from G. , mutation, recombination) of individual species. In Sections 9. For example, in South China, black G. Terpenes are a class of naturally occurring compounds whose carbon skeletons are composed of one or more isoprene C 5 units. G. 2009 ). The profile of the different triterpenes in G. P olysaccharides and P eptidoglycans. lucidum can be traced back to the early 1980s. 1 through 9. 6. lucidum were shown to suppress the progression of the G1 phase in cell cycle, and apoptosis was confirmed by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL) assay ( Liu et al. lucidum (W. 5. Chapter 9 Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) A Medicinal Mushroom Sissi Wachtel-Galor, John Yuen, John A. These compounds are widely distributed throughout the plant world and are found in prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes. This article is about humans as a species. 1. In all, 219 species within the family have been assigned to the genus Ganoderma, of which G. Invasive cancer cells spread to distant sites through blood and lymphoid vessels. HISTORY: LINGZHI AS A MEDICINAL MUSHROOM Lingzhi has been recognized as a medicinal mushroom for over 2000 years, and its powerful effects have been documented in ancient scripts ( Wasser 2005 ). The first book wholly devoted to the description of herbs and their medicinal value was Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, written in the Eastern Han dynasty of China (25-220 AD). 9.
Significant of mushroom in human diet video:
tags:
significant of mushroom in human diet and nutrition
significant of mushroom in human dieties
significant of mushroom in human diet over time
significant of mushroom in human diet and evolution
significant of mushroom in human diet timeline
significant of mushroom in human diet experience
significant of mushroom in human diet calories
